by Ken Cayce
© Ken Cayce All rights reserved.
Copyright
Title: Mark, for whom this gospel is named, was a close companion of the Apostle Peter and a recurring character in the book of Acts, where he is known as "John who was also called Mark" (Acts 12:12, 25; 15:37, 39). It was to John Mark's mother's home in Jerusalem that Peter went when released from prison (Acts 12:12).
John Mark was a cousin of Barnabas (Col. 4:10), who accompanied Paul and Barnabas on Pauls' first missionary journey (Acts 12:25; 13:5). But he deserted on the way in Perga and returned to Jerusalem (Acts. 13:13). When Barnabas wanted Paul to take John Mark on the second missionary journey, Paul refused. The friction which resulted between Paul and Barnabas led to their separation (Acts 15:38-40).
But John Mark's earlier vacillation evidently gave way to great strength and maturity, and in time he proved himself even to the Apostle Paul. When Paul wrote the Colossians, he instructed them that if John Mark came, they were to welcome him (Col. 4:10). Paul even listed Mark as a fellow worker (Philemon 24). Later, Paul told Timothy to "Pick up Mark and bring him with you, for he is useful to me for service" (2 Tim. 4:11).
John Mark's restoration to useful ministry may have been, in part, due to the ministry of Peter. Peter's close relationship with Mark is evident from his description of him as "my son, Mark" (1 Peter 5:13). Peter, of course, was no stranger to failure himself, and his influence on the younger man was no doubt instrumental in helping him out of the instability of his youth and into the strength and maturity he would need for the work to which God had called him.
Author - Date: Ancient testimony names John Mark as the writer. Few have challenged this tradition; none has done so persuasively. The gospel itself may contain a cryptic allusion to its author (14:51-52), but no name is given. In Scripture Mark sometimes goes by the name John alone (Acts 13:5, 13; 15:37), sometimes by Mark alone (Col. 4:10; 2 Tim. 41; Philem. 24; 1 Pet. 5:13), and twice by both names (Acts 12:12). He was the son of Mary, a woman of some means in Jerusalem (Acts 12:12).
Unlike the epistles, the gospels do not name their authors. The early church fathers, however, unanimously affirm that Mark wrote this second gospel. Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, writing about A.D. 140, noted:
And the presbyter "the Apostle John", said this: Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instruction to the necessities (of his hearers), but with no intention of giving a regular narrative of the Lord's sayings. Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus writing some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictitious into the statements (From the Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord (6).
Justin Martyr, writing about A.D. 150, referred to the Gospel of Mark as "the memoirs of Peter", and suggested that Mark committed his gospel to writing while in Italy. This agrees with the uniform voice of early tradition, which regarded this gospel as having been written in Rome, for the benefit of Roman Christians. Irenaeus, writing about A.D. 185, called Mark "the disciple and interpreter of Peter", and recorded that the second gospel consisted of what Peter preached about Christ. The testimony of the church fathers differs as to whether this gospel was written before or after Peter's death (ca. A.D. 67-78).
Paul regarded him as one of the few who were faithful to his ministry to the end (2 Tim. 4:11). All of this suggests that Mark was a seasoned veteran of the Christian walk. He was well versed in apostolic teaching; he had extensive missionary experience under wise guides. Most importantly, he learned firsthand that God gives penitent believers opportunity to recover from past failure. Mark not only heard redemption and new life proclaimed, he experienced it in his own life.
Evangelical scholars have suggested dates for the writing of Mark's gospel ranging from A.D. 50 to 70. A date before the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in A.D.70 is required by the comment of Jesus in 13:2. Luke's gospel was clearly written before Acts (Acts 1:1-3). The date of the writing of Acts can probably be fixed at about A.D. 63, because that is shortly after the narrative ends (See introduction to Acts: Author and Date. It is there likely, though not certain, that Mark was written at an early date, probably sometime in the 50s.
Many scholars date Mark in the 60's A.D. Some date it later, since (Mark 13:2), predicts the fall of Jerusalem (A.D. 70), and they deny that Jesus could have foretold the future. But predictive prophecy is quite within the ability of the Jesus of the New Testament. Mark has in fact been dated by some as early as the 40's. The exact date is not crucial to a grasp of Mark's message. In any case the book bears the stamp of an early and authentic written witness to Jesus' ministry.
Background - Setting: Whereas Matthew was written to a Jewish audience, Mark seems to have targeted Roman believers, particularly Gentiles. When employing Aramaic terms, Mark translated them for his readers (3:17; 5:41; 7:11, 34; 10:46; 14:36; 15:22, 34). On the other hand, in some places he used Latin expressions instead of their Greek equivalents (5;9; 6:27; 12;15, 42; 15:16, 39). He also reckoned time according to the Roman system (6:48; 13:35), and carefully explained Jewish customs (7:3-4; 14:12; 15:42). Mark omitted Jewish elements, such as the genealogies found in Matthew and Luke. This gospel also makes fewer references to the Old Testament, and includes less material that would be of particular interest to Jewish readers, such as that which is critical of the Pharisee and Sadducees (Sadducees are mentioned only once, in 12:18). When mentioning Simon of Cyrene (15:21), Mark identifies him as the father of Rufus, a prominent member of the church at Rome (Rom. 16:13). All of this supports the traditional view that Mark was written for a Gentile audience initially at Rome.
The friction which resulted between Paul and Barnabas led to their separation (Acts 15:38-40). But John Mark's earlier vacillation evidently gave way to greater strength and maturity, and in time he proved himself even to the Apostle Paul. When Paul wrote the Colossians, he instructed them that if John Mark came, they were to welcome him (Col. 4:10).
Paul even listed Mark as a fellow worker (Philemon 24). Later, Paul told Timothy to "Pick up Mark and bring him with you, for he is useful to me for service" (2 Tim. 4:11).
There is good evidence that this gospel reflects Peter's contribution. Mark and Peter certainly had close ties (1 Pet. 5:13); perhaps Peter led him to Christ. The gospel was composed by one who had considerable skill in literary, historical, and theological presentation and this points to Mark's own God-given insight. Yet comparison of the Gospel of Mark with Peter's sermons in Acts and with other data, suggest we are listening to a version of a story told in part by the venerable apostle Peter himself.
Historical - Theological Themes: Mark presents Jesus as the suffering Servant of the Lord (10:45). His focus is on the deeds of Jesus more than His teaching, particularly emphasizing service and sacrifice. Mark omits the lengthy discourses found in the other gospels, often relating only brief excerpts to give the gist of Jesus' teaching. Mark also omits any account of Jesus' ancestry and birth, beginning where Jesus' public ministry began, with His baptism by John in the wilderness.
Mark demonstrated the humanity of Christ more clearly than any of the other evangelists, emphasizing Christ's human emotions (1:41; 3:5; 6:34; 8:12; 9:36), His human limitations (4:38; 11:12; 13:32), and other small details that highlight the human side of the Son of God (e.g. 7:33-34; 8:12; 9:36; 10:13-16).
Distinctive Outlook: Well over a third of the book (chapters 11-16), deals with a tiny fraction of Jesus' earthly lifetime: the last week. Chapter 10 gives an account of Jesus' ministry as He moved slowly southward from Galilee to Jerusalem. This leaves (1:14-9:50), to cover His extensive work in Galilee, while the opening verses (1:1-13), vouch for the credentials of the Christ: His prophetic connections, His intimate kinship with God the Father and God the Spirit, and His bearing of the worst temptations that Satan could throw at Him.
(1) There seems no reason to reject the ancient tradition that Mark wrote primarily for a largely Gentile audience resident in Rome. This might account for many Latin terms found in the Gospel of Mark. This would also explain the lack of a genealogy of Christ and less direct dependence on the Old Testament than we find in Matthew and Luke. On the other hand, non-Jewish converts to Christ were still quite aware of their Old Testament roots. We may conclude that Mark is Christocentric and action-oriented (immediately, or a synonym of this word, occurs over 40 times). Mark strives for conciseness and brevity. The other gospels serve to fill out the Marcan framework. However, Mark does contain many unique details.
(2) Mark seeks to involve the reader in the gospel's witness to Jesus Christ. He does this through an uncomplicated and vivid literary style. He also writes in such a way that the discerning reader feels addressed or questioned, often by Jesus Himself. Mark does not aim merely to convey information. He seeks rather to furnish grounds for our decision to follow and keep following the main character of the gospel: Jesus Christ.
The Gospel of Mark does not admit of easy topical analysis. Many suggestions have been made. This outline seeks to relate Jesus' actions and teaching to His geographical location.
Mark 1 | Mark 7 | Mark 13 |
Mark 2 | Mark 8 | Mark 14 |
Mark 3 | Mark 9 | Mark 15 |
Mark 4 | Mark 10 | Mark 16 |
Mark 5 | Mark 11 | |
Mark 6 | Mark 12 |
Mark 1:25 "And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him."
Mark 1:28 "And immediately his fame spread
abroad throughout all the region round about
Galilee."
Mark 1:32 "And at even, when the sun did set,
they brought unto him all that were diseased,
and them that were possessed with devils."
Mark 1:33-34 "And all the city was gathered
together at the door." "And he healed many that
were sick of divers diseases, and cast out many
devils; and suffered not the devils to speak,
because they knew him."
Mark 1:35 "And in the morning, rising up a
great while before day, he went out, and
departed into a solitary place, and there
prayed."
Mark 1:36 "And Simon and they that were with
him followed after him."
Mark 1:37 "And when they had found him, they
said unto him, All [men] seek for thee."
Mark 1:38 "And he said unto them, Let us go
into the next towns, that I may preach there
also: for therefore came I forth."
Mark 1:39 "And he preached in their synagogues
throughout all Galilee, and cast out devils."
Mark 1:40 "And there came a leper to him,
beseeching him, and kneeling down to him, and
saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make
me clean."
Mark 1:41 "And Jesus, moved with compassion,
put forth [his] hand, and touched him, and
saith unto him, I will; be thou clean."
Mark 1:42 "And as soon as he had spoken,
immediately the leprosy departed from him, and
he was cleansed."
Mark 1:43 "And he straitly charged him, and
forthwith sent him away;"
Mark 2:6 "But there
were certain of the
scribes sitting there,
and reasoning in their
hearts,"
Mark 2:11 "I say unto
thee, Arise, and take
up thy bed, and go thy
way into thine house."
Mark 2:27 "And he said unto them, The sabbath
was made for man, and not man for the sabbath:"
Mark 3:1 "And he
entered again into the
synagogue; and there
was a man there which
had a withered hand."
Mark 3:2 "And they
watched him, whether he
would heal him on the
Sabbath day; that they
might accuse him."
Mark 3:3 "And he saith
unto the man which had
the withered hand,
Stand forth."
Mark 3:6 "And the
Pharisees went forth,
and straightway took
counsel with the
Herodians against him,
how they might destroy
him."
Mark 3:7 "But Jesus
withdrew himself with
his disciples to the
sea: and a great
multitude from Galilee
followed him, and from
Judea,"
Mark 3:10 "For he had
healed many; insomuch
that they pressed upon
him for to touch him,
as many as had
plagues."
Mark 3:11 "And unclean
spirits, when they saw
him, fell down before
him, and cried, saying,
Thou art the Son of
God."
Mark 3:12 "And he
straitly charged them
that they should not
make him known."
Mark 3:13 "And he goeth
up into a mountain, and
calleth [unto him] whom
he would: and they came
unto him."
Mark 3:14 "And he
ordained twelve, that
they should be with
him, and that he might
send them forth to
preach,"
Mark 3:15 "And to have
power to heal
sicknesses, and to cast
out devils:"
Mark 3:16 "And Simon he
surnamed Peter;"
Mark 3:17 "And James
the [son] of Zebedee,
and John the brother of
James; and he surnamed
them Boanerges, which
is, The sons of
thunder:"
Mark 3:19 "And Judas
Iscariot, which also
betrayed him: and they
went into a house."
Mark 3:20 "And the multitude cometh together
again, so that they could not so much as eat
bread."
Mark 3:30 "Because they said, He hath an
unclean spirit."
Mark 4:2 "And he taught
them many things by
parables, and said unto
them in his doctrine,"
Mark 4:3 "Hearken;
Behold, there went out
a sower to sow:"
Mark 4:9 "And he said
unto them, He that hath
ears to hear, let him
hear."
Mark 4:13 "And he said
unto them, Know ye not
this parable? And how
then will ye know all
parables?"
Mark 4:14 "The sower
soweth the word."
.
Mark 4:18 "And these
are they which are sown
among thorns; such as
hear the word,"
Mark 4:26 "And he said, So is the kingdom of
God, as if a man should cast seed into the
ground;"
Mark 4:33 "And with many such parables spake he
the word unto them, as they were able to hear
[it]."
Mark 4:40 "And he said unto them, Why are ye so
fearful? how is it that ye have no faith?"
Mark 5:1 "And they came
over unto the other
side of the sea, into
the country of the
Gadarenes."
Mark 5:2 "And when he
was come out of the
ship, immediately there
met him out of the
tombs a man with an
unclean spirit,"
Mark 5:4 "Because that
he had been often bound
with fetters and
chains, and the chains
had been plucked
asunder by him, and the
fetters broken in
pieces: neither could
any [man] tame him."
Mark 5:5 "And always,
night and day, he was
in the mountains, and
in the tombs, crying,
and cutting himself
with stones."
Mark 5:6 "But when he
saw Jesus afar off, he
ran and worshipped
him,"
Mark 5:8 "For he said
unto him, Come out of
the man, [thou] unclean
spirit."
Mark 5:10 "And he
besought him much that
he would not send them
away out of the
country."
Mark
5:11 "Now there was
there nigh unto the
mountains a great herd
of swine feeding."
Mark 5:12 "And all the
devils besought him,
saying, Send us into
the swine, that we may
enter into them."
Mark 5:13 "And
forthwith Jesus gave
them leave. And the
unclean spirits went
out, and entered into
the swine: and the herd
ran violently down a
steep place into the
sea, (they were about
two thousand;) and were
choked in the sea."
Mark 5:16 "And they
that saw [it] told them
how it befell to him
that was possessed with
the devil, and [also]
concerning the swine."
Mark 5:17 "And they
began to pray him to
depart out of their
coasts."
Mark 5:18-19 "And when
he was come into the
ship, he that had been
possessed with the
devil prayed him that
he might be with him."
"Howbeit Jesus suffered
him not, but saith unto
him, Go home to thy
friends, and tell them
how great things the
Lord hath done for
thee, and hath had
compassion on thee."
Mark 5:20 "And he
departed, and began to
publish in Decapolis
how great things Jesus
had done for him: and
all [men] did marvel."
Mark 5:25 "And a certain woman, which had an
issue of blood twelve years,"
Mark 5:30 "And Jesus, immediately knowing in
himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned
him about in the press, and said, Who touched
my clothes?"
Mark 5:31 "And his disciples said unto him,
Thou seest the multitude thronging thee, and
sayest thou, Who touched me?"
Mark 6:9 "But [be] shod
with sandals; and not
put on two coats."
Mark 6:32 "And they departed into a desert
place by ship privately."
Mark 6:40 "And they sat down in ranks, by
hundreds, and by fifties."
Mark 6:42 "And they did all eat, and were
filled."
Mark 6:44 "And they that did eat of the loaves
were about five thousand men."
Mark 6:46 "And when he had sent them away, he
departed into a mountain to pray."
Mark 6:52 "For they considered not [the
miracle] of the loaves: for their heart was
hardened."
Mark 6:54 "And when they were come out of the
ship, straightway they knew him,"
Mark 7:1 "Then came
together unto him the
Pharisees, and certain
of the scribes, which
came from Jerusalem."
Mark 7:2 "And when they
saw some of his
disciples eat bread
with defiled, that is
to say, with unwashen,
hands, they found
fault."
Mark 7:7 "Howbeit in
vain do they worship
me, teaching [for]
doctrines the
commandments of men."
Mark 7:16 "If any man
have ears to hear, let
him hear."
Mark 7:29 "And he said unto her, For this
saying go thy way; the devil is gone out of thy
daughter."
Mark 7:34 "And looking up to heaven, he sighed,
and saith unto him, Ephphatha, that is, Be
opened."
Mark 8:5 "And he asked
them, How many loaves
have ye? And they said,
Seven."
Mark 8:9 "And they that
had eaten were about
four thousand: and he
sent them away."
Mark 8:13 "And he left
them, and entering into
the ship again departed
to the other side."
Mark 8:16 "And they
reasoned among
themselves, saying, [It
is] because we have no
bread."
Mark 9:4 "And there
appeared unto them
Elijah with Moses: and
they were talking with
Jesus."
Mark 9:6 "For he wist
not what to say; for
they were sore afraid."
Mark 9:40 "For he that is not against us is on
our part."
Mark 9:44 "Where their worm dieth not, and the
fire is not quenched."
Mark 9:49 "For every one shall be salted with
fire, and every sacrifice shall be salted with
salt."
Mark 10:3 "And he
answered and said unto
them, What did Moses
command you?"
Mark 10:10 "And in the
house his disciples
asked him again of the
same [matter]."
Mark 10:16 "And he took
them up in his arms,
put [his] hands upon
them, and blessed
them."
Mark 10:20 "And he
answered and said unto
him, Master, all these
have I observed from my
youth."
Mark 10:22 "And he was
sad at that saying, and
went away grieved: for
he had great
possessions."
Mark 10:28 "Then Peter began to say unto him,
Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee."
Mark 10:31 "But many [that are] first shall be
last; and the last first."
Mark 10:36 "And he said unto them, What would
ye that I should do for you?"
Mark 10:44 "And whosoever of you will be the
chiefest, shall be servant of all."
Mark 10:50 "And he, casting away his garment,
rose, and came to Jesus."
Mark 11:5 "And certain
of them that stood
there said unto them,
What do ye, loosing the
colt?"
Mark 11:7 "And they
brought the colt to
Jesus, and cast their
garments on him; and he
sat upon him."
Mark 11:19 "And when even was come, he went out
of the city.
Mark 11:21 "And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away."
Mark 11:22 "And Jesus answering saith unto
them, Have faith in God."
Mark 12:8 "And they
took him, and killed
[him], and cast [him]
out of the vineyard."
Mark 12:27 "He is not the God of the dead, but
the God of the living: ye therefore do greatly
err."
Mark 12:39 "And the chief seats in the
synagogues, and the uppermost rooms at feasts:"
Mark 13:5 "And
Jesus answering
them began to say,
Take heed lest any
[man] deceive you:"
Mark 13:16 "And let him
that is in the field
not turn back again for
to take up his
garment."
Mark 13:17 "But woe to
them that are with
child, and to them that
give suck in those
days!"
Mark 13:23 "But take ye heed: behold, I have
foretold you all things."
Mark 13:25 "And the stars of heaven shall fall,
and the powers that are in heaven shall be
shaken."
Mark 13:31 "Heaven and earth shall pass away:
but my words shall not pass away."
Mark 13:33 "Take ye heed, watch and pray: for
ye know not when the time is."
Mark 13:37 "And what I say unto you I say unto
all, Watch."
Mark 14:8 "She hath
done what she
could: she is come
aforehand to anoint
my body to the
burying."
Mark 14:17 "And in the evening he cometh with the twelve."
Mark 14:29 "But
Peter said unto
him, Although all
shall be offended,
yet [will] not I."
Mark 14:42 "Rise
up, let us go; lo,
he that betrayeth
me is at hand."
Mark 14:46 "And
they laid their
hands on him, and
took him."
Mark 14:52 "And he left the linen cloth,
and fled from them naked."
Mark 14:56 "For many bare false witness
against him, but their witness agreed not
together."
Mark 14:71 "But he began to curse and to
swear, [saying], I know not this man of
whom ye speak."
Mark 15:3 "And the
chief priests
accused him of many
things: but he
answered nothing."
Mark 15:5 "But
Jesus yet answered
nothing; so that
Pilate marveled."
Mark 15:10 "For he
knew that the chief
priests had
delivered him for
envy."
Mark 15:18 "And
began to salute
him, Hail, King of
the Jews!"
Mark 15:23 "And they
gave him to drink wine
mingled with myrrh: but
he received [it] not."
Mark 15:25 "And it was
the third hour, and
they crucified him."
Mark 15:35 "And some of
them that stood by,
when they heard [it],
said, Behold, he
calleth Elijah."
Mark 15:38 "And the veil of the temple was rent
in twain from the top to the bottom."
Mark 16:6 "And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him."
Mark 16:10 "[And] she went and told them that
had been with him, as they mourned and wept."
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